Business Communication Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Communication - Coursework Example Patient records are strictly governed by two very important Laws which are Data Protection Act and Human Rights Act. These laws apply directly so that these records are kept strictly confidential and they may be accessed only by the health care professionals treating a patient, that too with prior consent of the patient. No record can be made public. As per the Data Protection Act, the NHS and other organizations ensure that any personal information collected while maintaining or updating these records is used solely for the purpose to gather information; which would ensure quality service is provided to the patient and that such information is kept strictly private and confidential. Any breach of the Data Protection Act is considered a criminal offense punishable by imprisonment. Similarly, The Human Rights Act also calls for having every individual’s privacy to be respected, which includes the right of the patients to keep their health records secure. This includes delegatin g proper roles and responsibility for data quality, making sure that activities are properly coordinated with the help of tasking or creating the right channels, maintaining proper communications with the specialists involved in support, combining activity and "Information Governance", making sure that information systems are kept up to date and ensuring that all those involved in data entering and monitoring are fully aware of their job responsibilities when it comes to maintaining the records accurately.

Address and analyse an existing Food security intervention in Essay

Address and analyse an existing Food security intervention in preferably a developing country (poor African,Asian countries) - Essay Example Hence, the concept of food security has to be more inclusive in order to capture the dimensions of the issue. Availability of food to the needy people is considered to be food security. Normally, food energy intake at household level has been given priority in assessing food security. But in the case of Kerala state in India, it will be unrealistic to expect food self sufficiency. But through public intervention methods, importantly through Public Distribution System, Kerala has done considerable successful interventions in food security, though the problem has not been solved fully. The issue of food security in the form of non-availability of sufficient calorie intake exists only in exceptional marginalized pockets of the state (Ahluwalia, 1993 and Dre’ze and Sen, 1995). The problem of food insecurity persists in India, even though it is a food surplus and food grains exporting country. Massive scale of chronic hunger and malnutrition are the sides of this problem. The prevalence of malnutrition in India is higher than many of the very poor African countries. The percentage of under weight children below five, is 43 in India while it is 28 in Sub Saharan Africa and 42 in South Asia. Likewise, the number and proportion of people living in chronic hunger in India is far above than any other country in the world (UNICEF, 2010). But when the children below the age of three are considered, then the situation seems to be more severe with 45.9 percent of children as malnourished and the anemia prevalence of 56 percent women. Again, data from the NNMB reveal that nearly half of the adult population had a body mass index below the norm in 1993-94 (Datta, 1998; Suryanarayana, 1999 and Gulati etal,). It is to be noted that the rate of decline of the malnourish ed persons has been very slow. The situation has again been worsened during 2008-09 with rapid increase in prices of

Behavior and performance of the individual

Behavior and performance of the individual INTRODUCTION A group is defined by Ivancevich et al (2008) as two or more individuals interacting with each other to accomplish a common goal. Groups are important aspect of work pattern of an organization (Mullins 2002) and a part of modern life (Ivancevich et al 2008). A group can be formal or informal (Armstrong 2009). Informal groups according to Newstrom (2007:277) Are established by the organization and have a public identity and goal to achieve while formal groups emerge on the sense of common interest, proximity and friendship. Informal groups are set up by the organization in other to achieve organizational goals while formal groups are set up by individuals for the purpose of satisfying the needs of its members (Armstrong 2009). The group used for the purpose of this study is the formal groups. This study will analyze the impact the group has on the individual, factors affecting the behavior of the individual, human relations theory and the factors affecting the behavior and performance of the individual in the group. IMPACT OF THE GROUP ON THE INDIVIDUAL The performance of a group depends on how well its members engage in communication with each other or interacts with each other and also on how the individual learns in the group (Mullins 2002). Mullins (2002:465) argues that how people behave and perform as members of a group is as important as their behavior or performance as individuals. Usually, lack of interaction between the individual and members of the group will have effect on the performance of the group as well as the individual in the group and result to lack of satisfaction for the individual (Mullins 2002). It is believed that the group generates better ideas than the individual does, by drawing resources from individual members of the group (brainstorming), the group thereby brings in more ideas and input into decision process than a single person can (Robbins 2001). In one of my experiences in a group I learnt that groups can be rewarding to the individual because an individual can actually learn from other members of the group. I joined a decoration group in my church and we were told to decorate the church for a program, we all had our ideas on how we want the decoration to look like but instead of pursuing personal goals we brought our ideas together and we came up with a better idea and I also learnt things I did not know before, also I found the experience challenging because I had to think beyond what I know in other to be able to contribute but at the end I left with more knowledge than I went in with. It is also believed; however, that group ideas can hinder creative thinking, in other words, individuals will ignore their idea in other to conform to the idea of the group (Mullins 2002). For example, as a member of a group of four in one of my classes in Salford University, we were asked to solve a particular question, we were different people with different beliefs, attitudes, perception, culture and behavior, however, three out of four were in agreement but one particular person in the group had a different idea from what the rest of us had and was trying so hard to convince us which was impossible because it was one against three, in other to avoid conflict the individual had to ignore the idea and agree with that of the group. Groups bind the individual and members of the group in togetherness and in other to be in togetherness, individuals have to see themselves as members of the group and not isolate themselves in other for them to achieve the goal of the group and also to meet their needs (Robbins 2001). Huczynski and Buchanan (2007) discussed the work of Tayfel and Tunner (1986) who argued that as long as individuals see themselves as more important than the group the group cannot function effectively. However, It is believed that individuals have different needs or reasons for joining or been in a group and it can be the need to fulfill social needs, achieve group goals or to derive greater economic benefits or for social security reasons, which is believed that groups can serve as a medium of meeting these needs of the individual (Ivancevich et al 2008) and in other to remain a member of the group and to meet these needs the individual must set aside their personal goal to achieve the groups goal ( N ewstrom 2007). FACTORS AFFECTING INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR There are different types of ways of explaining the behavior of the individual in a group; they are Perception, Attribution, Orientation, Role and branded rationality (Armstrong 2009). Perception is one way of explaining the behavior of an individual in a group. Perception according to Maund (2001: pg 444) is the process by which individuals interpret sensory impression so that they can assign meaning to it. Perception is when an individual gives meaning or interprets the things happening around them and people tend to perceive situation that satisfies needs, emotions, attitudes or their self concept (Ivancevich et al 2008). Members of a group can see the same thing or be in the same situation but their interpretation of the situation will be different from each other based on how they see it (Mullins 2007). Attribution according to Luthans (2002:197) refers to how people explains the cause of anothers or their behavior. Attribution can be the way people interpret the situation they are in (Armstrong 2009). Attribution can lead to conflict in a group because the way one person see things (perception) may not be the same way another sees the same thing (Armstrong 2009). While Orientation can be said to be an individuals attempt to make sense of life which can be different from that of the group (Armstrong 2009). Role is the part played by the individual in caring out their duties (Armstrong 2009). There is a particular role expected from the members of the group once they have lived to the expectation of the role then it is believed they have performed their role successfully and it is believed that this role shapes the individuals behavior (Armstrong 2009). While branded rationality can be said to be the ways individuals understands how complicated the situation they are in is and their reaction to the situation limits the way they behave rationally (Armstrong 2009). Huczynski and Buchanan (2005:279) discuss the work of Marion Hampton (1999)who argues that groups are seen as taking over the individuals mind, depressing intelligence, eliminating moral responsibility and forcing conformity, they can cause their members a great deal of suffering and despair and can perpetuate acts of cruelty. There are various factors affecting the individual in the group, But before explaining that we are going to analyze a theory that explains what effect a group has on the individual. HAWTHORNES THEORY (Human relations approach) The theory that explains the effect of groups on the individuals behavior and performance is the Hawthorne experiment of the human relations theory written by Elton Moyo (Mullins 2002). The experiment is called the bank wiring observation room experiment; the experiment was carried out on 14 men who were organized into three subgroups which contained three wires, a supervisor and an inspector that moved around the group (Moorhead and Griffin 1995). After the study there were two major findings; The level of interaction that was observed among the men showed the existence of informal groups within the three groups and, It was also revealed that these groups develop norms or rules that guides behavior and also set structures to enforce the rules (Moorhead and Griffin 1995) The hawthorns researcher found that the group established a level of output for its members (Mullins 2002). They found out that the group did not produce up to what they are capable of producing; they produced below their capability which had effect on their earning because their output was low(Moor head and Griffin 1995). The group produced a specific level of output for its members which are the only accepted level of production, in other to be accepted the individual has to slow down production when getting close to the accepted level of production in other not to over produce (Moorhead and Griffin 1995). Moorhead and Griffin (1995) discuss the work of Roethlisberger and Dickson (1939) who points out that The social organization of the bank wiremen performed a twofold function which is to protect the group from internal indiscretions and to protect the group from outside interference. Moorhead and Griffin (1995) also points out that almost all the activities carried out by the group can be said to be a means of controlling the behavior of its members. The research shows that peer pressure has more effect on the individual than things that may encourage the individual and forces of control or orders from management, individuals would rather do things required by the group than doing things that would encourage or reward their actions (Mullins 2002). This theory shows how working in a group can be both challenging an rewarding for the individuals which leads us to the factors affecting the performance and behavior of the individual in the group. FACTORS AFFECTING THE INDIVIDUAL PERFORMANCE IN THE GROUP Group norms Norms according to Greenberg and Baron (2008) can be defined as the generally agreed upon informal rules that guides the behavior of the members in a group. Norms influence group behavior and refer to what should be done and also represents value judgment and appropriate behavior in social situations (Psyblog 2010). Norms are of great importance to groups in controlling behavior and in measuring performance (Hanh 2007). Groups have norms that are set to guide members behavior (Greenberg and Baron 2008) and also to reduce ambiguity in terms of behavior that are of importance to the group (Rollinson 2005). Norms are set up in groups which the individual must conform with and groups have ways of making the individual conform to such norms (Rollinson 2005). Norms keeps the group functioning as a system instead of as a collection of individuals and members of the group come together to achieve a common goal instead of pursing individual groups (Hanh 2007). Groups do not set rules or norm for every situation but only set rules for situations that are of importance to the members of the group which could be in relation to their job or how they communicate with each other or with others outside the group (Hanh 2007). Group norms makes life predictable, individuals know what is expected of them, know their roles and how much time to spend in the execution of their job, know the values and beliefs and the image of the group, and subscribe to the norms of the group (Rollinson 2005). Norms are usually assessed to know if group members are interacting with each other which can be rewarding and which gives the individuals a sense of belonging (Heathfield 2010). Group members come together to develop the group norms which gives the individual a feeling of belonging, sense of identity and feelings of security because they were part of the making of the rules (Brooks 2005). Norms are believed to be of importance because some members may harm the project or the success of the group with their behavior or action unintentionally but if there is agreed upon framework of interaction, misunderstandings and negative conflicts in the group can be prevented (Heathfield 2010). However, group norms can have negative effect on the individual (Armstrong 2009). According to Psyblog (2010) who argues that groups rarely come up with great ideas because the individual in them are powerfully shaped by group norms and the rules of what people are and how they must behave it is believed that changes are hard to spot unless they are carefully measured, individuals deny their own beliefs, ideas and senses just to conform with the groups even if they are wrong (Psyblog 2010).it is believed that, Norms serves as a form of constraint to the individuals, it hinders them from thinking freely because they would not want to think outside the group norms or the groups way of doing things, individuals can not pursue their personal goal, can not see things from their point of view because it might clash with the goals of the group (Psyblog 2010). Social Support Social support according to Dalgard (2009) is receiving help from other people when in need of help. An individual can receive support among groups of people who have a similar problem to what they have and in their relationship with others be it their family or friends (Curtis 2009). Curtis (2009) argues that if you have a support network you will not feel as alone; you will learn new ways to deal with your problem and may try harder to overcome it. Group members can serve as as a source of support, advice and encouragement to an individual facing any difficulty and also the individual can be a source of support to the group (Curtis 2009). Individuals in a group can benefit from the members of the group while members who are not part of the group cannot enjoy such benefits, having friends to talk with, to gain insight from, to listen to during times of need or borrow money from, all this are forms of support (Scott 2007). Social support makes the individual safe and gives them a feeling of being loved and cared for (Rollinson 2005). In one of my experience when I was writing my final dissertation for my bachelor degree, I wrote on the societal support for the elderly people in my community and I had the privilege working with the elderly people in that community and I found out that most of them lack social support from their family and friends, in other to feel loved, feel secure or have a feeling that they belong they had to join a group with the believe that the group would be able to meet their needs. Peer Pressure Peer pressure is another factor that has effect on the behavior of the individual in the group. Peer pressure is when other people impose pressure on a person (Nemours 2010). Peers have influence over others, by listening to other people a person learns from them and they also learn from the individual (Nemours 2010). Some individuals usually join groups in other to fit in, so in other to fit in the individual goes along with the idea of the group and sets aside their idea and go along with the groups idea to avoid being bullied by the other members of the group (Nemours 2010). However, peer pressure can have a positive impact on the individual because it can push the individual into doing the things they have no courage of doing or talking the individual out of doing things thats not in their best interest (Wilmer 2010). Individual Accountability Individual accountability can be defined as an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for ones action (McDaniel 2007). Individual accountability is a foundational component as it evaluates an individual core competence, strength and weaknesses (McDaniel 2007). Its the individual taking responsibility for their action in carrying out their duty or them being accountable for their duties (McDaniel 2007). The individual must be accountable for achieving its goal and for its contribution to the group, individual accountability occurs when performance is assessed and the result are given back to the group and the individual in other to ascertain who needs more support, encouragement and assistance (Cooperate learning center 2009). Accountability is not to punish mistake or to generate immediate result but to ensure the individual gives all their best in the achievement of goals and behaving responsible to one another (Luthans 2002). By empowering them over job pe rformance and then holding them accountable for the outcomes (Newstrom 2007). Conflict Rollinson (2005:401) defines conflict as the behavior of an individual or a group when purposely sets to block or inhibit another group or individual from achieving its goals. Competition is one of the main causes of conflict in a group, when the members of a group are in competition against each other it can lead to conflicting interest (Rollonson 2005). Some groups encourage competition because they believe that when members of the group compete against each other it will result to successful performance or quick performance but mostly it might lead to conflict (Rollinson 2005). However, Vodosek (2007) argues that Researchers have noted that high level of task conflict can lead to reduced member satisfaction and commitment to the group Individual have different interest, skills, personality and attributes which may act as cohesion or a clash in the group (Brooks 2009). Some individuals tend to work towards achieving personal goals by doing so they tend to ignore the goals of the group and focus more on achieving their personal goals which might lead to conflict in the group (Newstrom 2007). CONCLUSION It can be assumed that, groups have both positive and negative effect on the individual, and for the individual, being a member of a group can be rewarding as well as challenging as working alone. Working alone as an individual might lead to a quick decision making but working in a group can lead to a more effective decision making, because it is a group of people with different ideas, perception, attributes and behavior coming together to form the group (Rollinson 2001), also the individual can also learn from the other members of the group. However, it is believed that there is no ideal individual for a particular job, that no individual can have all the necessary qualities needed for a job but a group of individuals can, and when they come together with their different qualities it can lead to a successful decision making (Antony Jay, cited by Mullins 2002). REFERENCES Armstrong, M. (2009) Armstrongs Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice, 9th edn, Kogan Page, London. Brooks, I. (2009) Organizational Behavior: Individual, Groups and Organisation, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Cooperative Learning Center (2009) Cooperative Learning Co-operation.org www.co-operation.org/pages/cl.html#accountability [Accessed 10/03/2010]. Curtis, J. (2010) Support groups and social support Yahoo.com health.yahoo.com/mentalhealth-treatment/support-groups-and-social-support/healthwise-ug4350spec.html [Accessed 11/03/2010]. Dalgard, O.S. (2009) Social Support: Definition and Scope Euphix.org www.euphix.org/object_document/o5479n27411.html [15/03/2010]. Elizabeth Scott, M.S (2007) Social Support: The Hows and Whys of Cultivating a circle of friends About.com Guide stress.about.com/od/relationships/a/circleoffriends.htm [11/03/2010].s Greenberg, J., Baron, R.A. (2008) Behavior in Organizations, 9th edn, Pearson Education, New Jersey. Hahn, M. (2007) Group norms in organizations ArticleGratuits.com www.en.articlesgratuits.com/group-norms-in-organizations-id1546.php [15/03/2010]. Heathfield, S.M. (2010) How to develop group norms About.com Guide humanresources.about.com/od/teambuilding/ht/group_norms.htm [15/03/2010]. Huczynski, A. A., Buchanan, D.A. (2007) Organizational Behavior, 6th edn, Prentice Hall, Harlow. Ivancevich, J M, Konopaske, R, Matteson, M T (2008) Organizational Behavior and Management, 8th edn, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Newyork. Luthans, L. (2002) Organizational Behavior, 9th edn, McGraw-Hill, Newyork. Maund, L. (2001) Introduction to Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice, Palgrove, London. McDaniel, D. (2007) How Important is Individual Accountability www.everyjoe.com/articles/how-important-is-individual-accountability-198/ [Accessed 10/03/2010] Moorhead, G. Griffin, R.W. (1995) Organizational Behavior: Managing People and Organizationa, 4th edn, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. Mullins, L. J. (2002) Management and Organizational Behavior, 6th edn, Pearson, Harlow Nemours (2010) Dealing with peer pressure Kidshealth.org kidshealth.org/kid/feeling/emotion/peer_pressure.html [13/03/2010] Newstrom, J. W. (2007) Organizational Behavior: Human Behavior at Work, 12th edn, McGraw-Hill, Newyork. Psyblog (2010) Why group norms kill creativity, Spring.org.uk www.spring.org.uk/2009/06/why-group-norms-kill-creativity.php [Accessed 11/03/2010]. Robbins, S.P (2001) Organizational Behavior, 9th edn, Prentice Hall, New Jersey Rollinson, D. (2005) Organisational Behaviour Analysis: An integrated Approach, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, Harlow. Vodosek, M. (2007) Intergroup conflict as a mediator between cultural diversity and work group, International Journal of Conflict Management, Volume 18, Issue 4 Wilmer, D. (2010) The difference between negative and positive peer pressure About.com Guide parentingteens.about.com/cs/peerpressure/a/peer_pressure.htm [Accessed 23/03/2010].

Observations on Magical Realism Essay -- Literature Essays Literary Cr

Observations on Magical Realism    What is magical realism? Many people have conflicting ideas about when and who first used the term. It is likely that most people are completely confused when confronted with this subject, but after they read a few papers on magical realism, it becomes a little clearer. The papers that Amaryll Chanady, Luis Leal, Angle Flores, Franz Roh, and Scott Simpkins wrote have been helpful in studying the history and theory of magical realism. Each paper has many good points in it, but the authors argue so much over who is right or wrong that it is hard to decide who to agree with. Angel Flores has several good points in his essay on magical realism. He says that it â€Å"has been studied mostly through the thematic or biographical approach. The thematic approach has dwelt on geographical settings....The biographical approach on the other hand, has surveyed the literary production chronologically† (109). Flores believes that Jorge Luis Borges’ 1935 book A Universal History of Infamy was the first use of magical realism. He describes magical realism as transforming â€Å"the common and the everyday into the awesome and the unreal.† He says the writers â€Å"cling to reality as if to prevent ‘literature’ from getting in their way, as if to prevent their myth from flying off, as in fairy tales, to supernatural realms. The narrative proceeds in well-prepared, increasingly intense steps, which ultimately may lead to one great ambiguity or confusion....All magical realists have this in common† (qtd. in Leal 119-120). Flores st ates that â€Å"magical realists do not cater to a popular taste, rather they address themselves to the sophisticated, those not merely initiated in aesthetic mysteries but versed in subtleties† (qtd.... ...etropolitan Paradigms.† Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 125-144. Flores, Angel. â€Å"Magical Realism in Spanish American Fiction.† Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 109-117. Leal, Luis. â€Å"Magical Realism in Spanish American Literature.† Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 119-124. O’Reilly, Breen. Magical Realism. 1994. 1 January 2001 . Roh, Franz. â€Å"Magical Realism: Post-Expressionism.† Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 15-31. Simpkins, Scott. â€Å"Sources of Magical Realism/Supplements to Realism in Contemporary Latin American Literature.† Ed. Lois Parkinson Zamora and Wendy B. Faris. Durham; N.C.: Duke UP, 1995: 145-159.   

Young Goodman Brown

Though each character was put into three completely different situations, each one had a very similar way of dealing with his own problem. They all stuck to their own opinions regardless of how it affected each of them as an individual. In â€Å"A & P,† Sammy did not let Lange talk him out of quitting his Job as cashier even though it cost him his employment (Uptake, par. 30). He clung to his beliefs and left Just as Young Goodman did when he found his fellow town's people assembled in the forest to worship Satan (Hawthorne, par. 6). He could have conformed to the group and joined the worship, but instead he did what he felt was right despite the fact that with leaving the forest he would lose everyone he cared for. Likewise, Old Man Warner could very well have adapted to the rest of the small towns and got rid of â€Å"the lottery,† but he believed that the lottery fulfilled a purpose and was insistent on having it though, he could quite possibly be the next villager t o lose his/her life (Jackson, par. 30).In contrast to the similar ways they handled their situations, each character has different purpose for the decision they settled upon. Sammy did not quit his Job because he felt like Lange was being unfair to the bikini girls, but he hoped that the arils would appreciate his valiant efforts and he would receive three lovely ladies as a reward for his deed (Uptake, par. 31). Goodman Brown made his decision because he felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were In the wrong.He kept his faith and deserted what he was against (Hawthorne, par. 67). Lastly, Old Man Warner was against the getting rid of the lottery because the system worked for him. He was used to the tradition and It had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual (Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories Is how their decisions affected them In the end.Men of Principle; â€Å"A & P, †  "Young Goodman Brown, † and â€Å"The Lottery† By Qualification Lottery,† and mining Goodman Brown,† Sammy, Old Man Warner, and Goodman Jackson, par. 30). Felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were in the wrong. He kept his used to the tradition and it had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories is how their decisions affected them in the end. Young Goodman Brown Though each character was put into three completely different situations, each one had a very similar way of dealing with his own problem. They all stuck to their own opinions regardless of how it affected each of them as an individual. In â€Å"A & P,† Sammy did not let Lange talk him out of quitting his Job as cashier even though it cost him his employment (Uptake, par. 30). He clung to his beliefs and left Just as Young Goodman did when he found his fellow town's people assembled in the forest to worship Satan (Hawthorne, par. 6). He could have conformed to the group and joined the worship, but instead he did what he felt was right despite the fact that with leaving the forest he would lose everyone he cared for. Likewise, Old Man Warner could very well have adapted to the rest of the small towns and got rid of â€Å"the lottery,† but he believed that the lottery fulfilled a purpose and was insistent on having it though, he could quite possibly be the next villager t o lose his/her life (Jackson, par. 30).In contrast to the similar ways they handled their situations, each character has different purpose for the decision they settled upon. Sammy did not quit his Job because he felt like Lange was being unfair to the bikini girls, but he hoped that the arils would appreciate his valiant efforts and he would receive three lovely ladies as a reward for his deed (Uptake, par. 31). Goodman Brown made his decision because he felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were In the wrong.He kept his faith and deserted what he was against (Hawthorne, par. 67). Lastly, Old Man Warner was against the getting rid of the lottery because the system worked for him. He was used to the tradition and It had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual (Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories Is how their decisions affected them In the end.Men of Principle; â€Å"A & P, †  "Young Goodman Brown, † and â€Å"The Lottery† By Qualification Lottery,† and mining Goodman Brown,† Sammy, Old Man Warner, and Goodman Jackson, par. 30). Felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were in the wrong. He kept his used to the tradition and it had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories is how their decisions affected them in the end. Young Goodman Brown Though each character was put into three completely different situations, each one had a very similar way of dealing with his own problem. They all stuck to their own opinions regardless of how it affected each of them as an individual. In â€Å"A & P,† Sammy did not let Lange talk him out of quitting his Job as cashier even though it cost him his employment (Uptake, par. 30). He clung to his beliefs and left Just as Young Goodman did when he found his fellow town's people assembled in the forest to worship Satan (Hawthorne, par. 6). He could have conformed to the group and joined the worship, but instead he did what he felt was right despite the fact that with leaving the forest he would lose everyone he cared for. Likewise, Old Man Warner could very well have adapted to the rest of the small towns and got rid of â€Å"the lottery,† but he believed that the lottery fulfilled a purpose and was insistent on having it though, he could quite possibly be the next villager t o lose his/her life (Jackson, par. 30).In contrast to the similar ways they handled their situations, each character has different purpose for the decision they settled upon. Sammy did not quit his Job because he felt like Lange was being unfair to the bikini girls, but he hoped that the arils would appreciate his valiant efforts and he would receive three lovely ladies as a reward for his deed (Uptake, par. 31). Goodman Brown made his decision because he felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were In the wrong.He kept his faith and deserted what he was against (Hawthorne, par. 67). Lastly, Old Man Warner was against the getting rid of the lottery because the system worked for him. He was used to the tradition and It had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual (Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories Is how their decisions affected them In the end.Men of Principle; â€Å"A & P, †  "Young Goodman Brown, † and â€Å"The Lottery† By Qualification Lottery,† and mining Goodman Brown,† Sammy, Old Man Warner, and Goodman Jackson, par. 30). Felt betrayed by his friends and believed that they were in the wrong. He kept his used to the tradition and it had never failed him so he saw no reason to annihilate this well-known ritual Jackson, par. 40). The final contrast between the characters of these three stories is how their decisions affected them in the end.

A Soldier’s Conviction

You people must know that the life of army personnel is not an easy job. Our fingers bleed with the thorns of the branches that give us roses. We pay the penalties for the benefits that we accrue as army personals. The foremost reason for which I joined the army is the gift of honor and dignity that this job gives to the soldiers.From time immemorial nations distribute these gifts to the men who lay their lives for the sake of the glory of their country and for the safety and protection of the lives and wealth of their countrymen. I desired that gift and so I joined the army. I got it.My family has to bear the pangs of separation from me. Though they don’t work for the army but they suffer because I work for the army. The nature of my work takes me away from them for days on end.My son is just five years old, he loves me and feels proud of me for being an army personnel, but he wants to spend a great deal of time with her mother that she cannot afford for being an army personn el. He hates bad guys because he thinks that they are the reasons for which armies are given birth in this world.In army, people are not allowed to choose their dating partners of their will and liking. The routine of their job forbids them from doing so. My job doesn’t allow me to date with a civilian as he is not able to understand the hardships, problems and tight schedules of army life.We don’t have a big deal of spare time to spend in understanding our intended life-partners or friends. We are required to be ever ready to move at any time to any place.In this job we see people dying, wounded, brutally massacred and killed. These horrible scenes strongly affect our sensibilities and we suffer spiritually and mentally because of them. This job provokes us to mistrust the people and be ready for the worst. I have to follow so much rules and regulations in this life that I feel like a robot. I am so trained that I cannot mix and talk freely with the civilians.Yes, if you want job security and stability you can have it in army. It is a fact that now a days, in civilian jobs; people are sacked from the jobs on petty issues and small mistakes. In army we enjoy the stability of the job, as government stands guarantee, and we don’t fear that we might be kicked out on trifles.No doubt we, the soldiers, are made strong physically and mentally. I can dare to challenge anything in life because I am a soldier. We feel proud that we can be part of history by serving in operations. Take my example; I am a part of the history as serving in the operations against the Iraqi freedom AOR.My job made me eligible for many benefits such as low or zero markups on many different kinds of loans, many discounts and very attractive insurance policies. I get many traveling, dining and hoteling benefits. I enjoy many holidays here. My health is well taken care of for being army personnel. It is not just that they send you out in the field to die a dog’s deat h. They care you very well in the field as well as out of the field.No doubt army serves you well but disturbs you as well. Â  

Free Essays on Separation of Church and State

for the First Amendment. There is very little difference in the fight for religious freedom even now in the 21st Century. This battle is still being fought today in our society, as it is heatedly debated in o... Free Essays on Separation of Church and State Free Essays on Separation of Church and State SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE: THE EVOLUTION FROM ROGER WILLIAMS TO MODERN TIMES The separation of church and state has been fiercely debated for more than three centuries. Before America became an independent union some of the English immigrants, known as Puritans, were coming to this new land to break away from the rule of the Church of England. The Puritans were attempting to â€Å"create a new church, all the while not separating from the old one† (Gaustad 50). However, there were others who believed that in order to completely reform the church, they should separate from the Mother Church. Many of the diehard Puritans believed that the separatist attitude was ungrateful, and consequently no one would take action. Roger Williams, a Calvinistic Puritan who later reformed to Separatism, was a very prominent historical figure in fighting for the separation of church and state. When the United States Constitution was being written, the real debate over religious freedom began. The words separation of church and state are never actually mentioned in t he United States Constitution. When the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment was written, the writers considered the popular belief that God created free will in all people, and that the Government should not be allowed to restrain that free will. Another consideration was the taxation placed on the people for the purpose of financing all churches no matter what their beliefs. Consequently, people of one faith were being forced to contribute to churches of different faiths, which in their eyes infringed on their God given right to freedom of religion. Our forefathers saw a need to protect religion from the government and were very careful in choosing their words for the First Amendment. There is very little difference in the fight for religious freedom even now in the 21st Century. This battle is still being fought today in our society, as it is heatedly debated in o...

Diphtheria essays

Diphtheria essays Diphtheria, an infectious disease in humans, is a serious bacterial infection. This disease can be fatal if left untreated. The bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria. (moms book) The bacteria usually grow and multiply on or near the mucous membranes in the throat. This causes the throat to become inflamed. Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a gram positive pleiomorphic rod. (www.buddycom.com) (Sihn) The disease diphtheria was first described by Hippocrates in the 5th century B.C. The bacterium was first observed in diphthertic membranes by Klebs in 1883 and cultivated by Loffler in 1884. (gskvaccines.com) Diphtheria can be identified by its gram positive pleiomorphic rods, as shown above. It can exhibit gram variability as well as the classic and club shapes of the bacterium. Another identifiable characteristic is the presence of polyphosphate inclusions called metachromatic granules. (www.buddycom.com) The public health burden of diphtheria has been low in most developing countries because most children have acquired immunity through sub clinical or cutaneous infection. The decrease in the number of humans infected with diphtheria is a result to the 1940s and 1950s increased use of the DTP vaccine. DTP is a trivalent vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid, pertussis vaccine (whooping cough), and tetanus toxoid usually given to infants in the United States. (www.buddycom.com) Recent outbreaks have been observed in the former Soviet Union, Algeria, China, Iraq, Thailand, and several countries in Eastern Europe. Eastern Europe highlighted the need for the following five major activities in diphtheria control: adequate surveillance; high levels of routine immunization in appropriate age groups; prompt recognition, appropriate case management and the availability of adequate supplies of antibiotics and antitoxin; rapid case investigation and management of close contacts; and outbreak m ...

Abuse in the Novel Beloved

Many of the characters from the novel Beloved suffered extreme abuse. Sethe, an independent mother, was no exception to the abuse. Sethe survived through many different accounts of mistreatment. The school teacher’s nephews made Sethe suffer the cruelest oppression. They held her down against her will, while she was pregnant, and brutally stole the milk that her body was producing for her child. This is the worst pain for Sethe because, besides the obvious obtrusions, she feared she would not be able to provide for her baby after it was born. A mother’s worst fear is being unable to provide for her children and this is the fear they instilled in her. This was not the end of the violence toward Sethe from these[insert a word that means a group of abusers here]. When the school teacher founds out that Sethe tells of the mistreatment she suffered because of his nephews he orders them to whip her. Sethe is brutally beaten by this group of young men. The result of the merciless beaten is a form of large scars that shape a tree on Sethe’s back. The tree may be a symbol of a family tree, and in Sethe’s case an incomplete family tree. Sethe’s family tree is incomplete because she killed her daughter, Beloved. The ghost of Sethe’s murdered daughter, Beloved, haunts the house where Sethe and the rest of her family live. The ghost torments them enough to drives away Sethe’s two sons, Howard and Buglar. Sethe undergoes torment from almost every possible angle but she refuses to run away any more.

The effects of shortstaff on quality of care Research Proposal - 1

The effects of shortstaff on quality of care - Research Proposal Example A motivating environment facilitates output and can be identified by high patients’ utility levels while poor environment leads to poor services and hence poor quality of care to patients. A research to determine association between the level of staffing and quality of services by a care facility identified dependence. Based on the research’s results, insufficient staffing of a care facility increases the number of reported deaths, hinders rescue processes, and increases cases of cardiovascular complications, pneumonia that is acquired within the care facilities and other negative occurrences that could be anticipated from a facility (Agency, 2007). Other factors also exist that affect the quality of care to a patient, measured in terms of achieved results and patients’ level of satisfaction. A patient’s age, type of illness and physiological conditions are other identified factors to overall quality of care (Clarke and Donaldson, n.d). This however induces uncertainty in the proposed association between staffing and quality of care and it is necessary to ascertain the link for nurse staffing policies, and public knowledge towards informed decisions when seeking nursing care. The proposed research therefore seeks to ascertain existence of a significant relationship between staffing and presumed effects of understaffing on quality of care. The proposed research will consider two variables, ratio of number of patients to personnel in a care facility, and patients perceived quality of care. The patients to personnel ration will define the derived quotient from dividing the number of patient by the number of personnel in a facility and will be the independent variable. The ratio will be measured on a categorical scale to be determined. Patients’ perceived and observed factors that are associated with staff ratios at respective facilities will be the independent variable and will be measured

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response Paper - Essay Example From Asian culture to African, from Chinese jaw dropping sculptures to European’s art, several magnificent art pieces hung on the wall conveying their messages and showcasing their beauty in the most elegant way. When I browsed the exhibits carefully, I was completely intrigued by the Asian’s amazing artwork. It’s beautifully gigantic structure was something to die for and made me admirable. I was actually not able to grasp one thing: How a human being can make such a thing? The delicacy and perfection made me speechless and left me spell-bound. Art is one of those things which ask for no boundaries. It is something that compels the human mind to do and to make what he likes, what he feels like. This was something our teacher told us in every art class and now I could clearly see the presence of her words in these paintings and sculptures. I was not only seeing these paintings through my eyes but was trying to feel them, the fragrance of the place it belonged to, the culture and the messages it conveyed to the people. There was this one piece of art which demonstrated the mockery of the wealthy and rich people. These were dressed up sculptures of skeletons which startled me and struck my fancy the most. It brought me a unique visual experience I have ever encountered. This Art Museum offered a colourful smorgasbord of remarkable discoveries. Huge wall paintings, miniature statues and hasty sketches provided us a chance to see the most awe-inspiring beauty. Both contemporary art and antiquity art were showcased in these paintings. This was a place which was emphasizing on every type of art and promoting the old cultures being demonstrated in these paintings and sculptures. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art is tagged as a behemoth in such an artistic and intricate world. In the area where Chinese Sculptures were placed, it appeared contemplative across the room to me. There was a deep meaning hidden behind these sculptures, their eyes gazin g trying to say something to the observers. With keen eyes, I scribbled down everything I observed, even the minute details that amalgamated and produced some amazing pieces. I was constantly relating all these artistic pieces with the material I had made so far and whatever we studied in school, it was nothing in front of this mammoth sized paintings and the perfect sculpted figures which showed the perfect picture of numerable cultures, i.e. Buddhism. The collections of painting that were housed in this art museum were uncountable. From every corner of the globe, hundreds of years old history and culture was seen in these amazing art pieces. Artifacts that were exhibited included some European Art that left me speechless. Art holdings from the extensive portfolios of various artists like Van Gogh, Manet, Rembrandt etc were showcased that helped us to go back to what we have studied in our art classes. I could relate all my paintings which were truly inspired from these amazing art ists’ creations hundreds of years old. Some pieces from the Egyptian Era and the Islamic empire were seen in this art museum which gave us a chance to understand the insight of these artists belonging to a completely different cultures and traditions. This is what an art museum does. It brings all the cultures under one roof and enables the observers to see how the whole world is indulged in one thing together, in the magic of art, although belonging to completely differ

Is There Such a Thing as International Law in the World Today Term Paper

Is There Such a Thing as International Law in the World Today - Term Paper Example Additionally, treaties like the Geneva Conventions may at times require the conformity of national law (De Boer 2001). The implication of this is that there is a world order that all countries abide to but with no clearly drafted international laws that ought to be followed by all nation states. Additionally, certain issues like homosexuality, differences in political ideologies and gender discrimination prevent international laws from achieving legitimacy. International law therefore is a set of laws formed by international treaties, customs, and other organizations that govern the relations between or among different sovereign nations. Here, the international customs refer to the customs that have evolved over centuries. Treaties and international agreements on the other hand are agreements among different nation states. The international organizations and conferences are mainly composed of different sovereign nation states and are normally bound by a treaty, for instance the 1980 Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods (CISG). The Nature of International Law International law is very different from the other areas of law because it does not have a defined governing body or area but instead refers to different set of rules, laws and customs that impact, govern and deal with the legal interactions between different nation states, governments, organizations and businesses. It comprehensively deals with the rights and responsibilities of the involved parties clearly defining and elucidating the procedures to be followed in case of any misunderstandings. International law cuts across many countries and regions which makes it agreeable to all the member states. For this to be possible, it borrows charters (i.e. the United Nations Charter), agreements, accords, and treaties, legal precedents of the International Court of Justice (The World Court), memorandums and tribunals. What makes international law a voluntary endeavor is that it does not h ave a unique enforcing entity and governing body. This means that for any enforcement to exist, all the signatory parties have to consent and adhere to that specific decision and assist the court in the implementation process. A good example of this is the East African Community where the member states have laws that govern them as a unit. The laws that address matters of international concern include both the statutes created by governing bodies (civil law) and the common law (case law) because of the diverse nature of the different legal systems and historical backgrounds of the different countries involved. Under the international law, all the facets of national law are covered and go on to include aspects like substantive law, remedies and procedure. In order to make the laws operable in the signatory countries, there are certain principles or guidelines that are normally followed when it comes to their formulation and implementation (Alam 399). However it should be noted that t hey only work on the basis that there is courtesy and respect between the member states. The principles of International Law The Principle of Comity The principle of comity provides a code of decorum that governs court interactions among the different localities, foreign countries and member states. Under this

Intro to Criminal Justice Module 5 online Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro to Criminal Justice Module 5 online - Essay Example Among the courts is the appellate court belonging to the general court. The literature has revealed the Supreme Court together with the court of appeals as components of this category of courts. According to the source used, the Supreme Court is the premier court in Carolina. The fact that it has a chief justice is an evidence for its highness. The chief justice works in unison with several other justices (Www.nccourts.org 4). They together sit as a body in Raleigh with the sole aim of listening to cases appealed from courts such as the district, as well as the superior courts. The Supreme Court deals with cases of legal significance and does not have a jury. The decision they make after hearing these cases ought to be printed and distributed to diverse locations in outsized volumes. The fifteen judges comprising the court of appeals play a noteworthy role in hearing cases. The fifteen judges are normally in panels, and each of these panels has three judges. Similar to the Supreme Court, it also handles cases that also question the constitution. The main purpose for its formation was to reduce the faction of responsibilities accorded to the Supreme Court. Additionally, the court handles convictions concerned with death cases. North Carolina superior court is a different level of court that hears different cases from those heard by the two courts discussed above. This court has general jurisdiction (Www.nccourts.org 5). The state of Carolina is composed of several superior court districts endowed with the responsibility of handling matters allied to elections. This category of courts hears cases involving massive money such as $ 10, 000. Several other categories of cases heard in this court level include the corporate receiverships and injunctions. The establishment of North Carolina district courts was solely for administrative, as well as electoral reasons. This category of courts has authority over civil cases concerned with controversies in money, but

Public Sector Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Sector Accounting - Assignment Example Conversely, the cash flow accounts have been adopted into company accounting in the latest decades, however, it is not called â€Å"adoption of public segment accounting.† Regardless of the significance given to cash inflow accounts, it acts only to â€Å"add-on the data in the balance sheet as well as the statement of income† (Hopwood 2000, p.24). In the debate enclosing present day’s public sector accounting restructuring, the existing philosophy intervenes an absolute changeover from â€Å"company accounting-like† techniques, by which on hand information is re-organized to produce additional financial accounts, to double-entry accounting and other company accounting techniques ‒ that is, the execution of company bookkeeping practices for public segment accounting ‒ and this transformation will necessitate significant reforms to the existing framework (Budding & Tagesson 2010, p.55-73). Bookkeeping has traditionally been split into company accounting as well as non-profit bookkeeping on the grounds of whether the monetary unit works to generate net profits. Comparisons with company bookkeeping, which has, in general, the â€Å"bookkeeping† aspect, should be drawn when debating changes of public segment accounting. One setback mentioned in the present system, nonetheless, is that such assessm ents have included nothing more than cataloging those components available in company bookkeeping but not available in public segment accounting, although the two vary in their aims. As a result, this manuscript will study the nature of public segment bookkeeping as it was and company bookkeeping as it is, and will examine the adoption of company bookkeeping practices in public segment accounting now getting underway (Handbook of national accounting: Public sector accounts 2003, p.44)

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 8

Case study - Essay Example MDCM is in urgent need to take suitable steps for improving its IT setup to save the company from getting into continuous loss. The company has been suffering loss in the market in spite of all its steps and strategy designed for the customers and company’s benefit. The company shares its benefits and losses with the customers in order to form close relations with the customers. With the passage of time, the company has identified the importance of its global status. This paper evaluates the IT projects suitable for the company and presents recommendations for the MDCM Corporate Board. There was a large audit to find out the IT problems with the company in the past five years. This audit was very fruitful as it informed all the seniors about the IT issues with the company. They had some knowhow beforehand but the detailed audit informed them about the situation of the company in depth. According to the audit report, â€Å"MDCM’s IT services had been badly mismanaged† (Jeffery & Norton 2). IT was not working effectively because of this mismanagement. IT was neglected by the management of the company and also wrong investment decisions were taken related to IT due to which, IT suffered a lot and became a reason for giving loss to the company (Jeffery & Norton 2). A global setup for IT was required by the administration of the company. The audit also resulted in some positive outputs such as the customer relationship management (CRM) system and computer assisted design (CAD) system in branches of MDCM working successfully. IT budget was less as compared to its required amount for the upgrade of the company’s IT. There were many project initiatives which were regarded essential for the company’s IT success. Unifying methodology and technological standards was regarded necessary by Atkins and his team. By improving this project initiative, the administration hoped to adjust a sharing knowledge based network and also the future

Public Sector Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Sector Accounting - Assignment Example Conversely, the cash flow accounts have been adopted into company accounting in the latest decades, however, it is not called â€Å"adoption of public segment accounting.† Regardless of the significance given to cash inflow accounts, it acts only to â€Å"add-on the data in the balance sheet as well as the statement of income† (Hopwood 2000, p.24). In the debate enclosing present day’s public sector accounting restructuring, the existing philosophy intervenes an absolute changeover from â€Å"company accounting-like† techniques, by which on hand information is re-organized to produce additional financial accounts, to double-entry accounting and other company accounting techniques ‒ that is, the execution of company bookkeeping practices for public segment accounting ‒ and this transformation will necessitate significant reforms to the existing framework (Budding & Tagesson 2010, p.55-73). Bookkeeping has traditionally been split into company accounting as well as non-profit bookkeeping on the grounds of whether the monetary unit works to generate net profits. Comparisons with company bookkeeping, which has, in general, the â€Å"bookkeeping† aspect, should be drawn when debating changes of public segment accounting. One setback mentioned in the present system, nonetheless, is that such assessm ents have included nothing more than cataloging those components available in company bookkeeping but not available in public segment accounting, although the two vary in their aims. As a result, this manuscript will study the nature of public segment bookkeeping as it was and company bookkeeping as it is, and will examine the adoption of company bookkeeping practices in public segment accounting now getting underway (Handbook of national accounting: Public sector accounts 2003, p.44)

Abortion in the United States Essay Example for Free

Abortion in the United States Essay Abortion is one of the most controversial topics to date in the United States. Because of the complexity and issues involved, there are those individuals who are for abortion, and those who are against. There is neutrality that extends between the two, with those who are one the fence depending on circumstantial situations. In this paper our group of four peers debate the topic, and base a conclusion on weather women in the United States should have the right to abortion, based on the arguments themselves. Today, the reference of for and against, is better known as pro-choice and pro-life. Pro choice (abortions) refer to the political and ethical view that a woman should have complete right over her fertility, and that she should have the freedom to decide whether she wants to continue or terminate her pregnancy (Bose, 2012). According to pro-life advocates, women who demand complete control of their body should also shoulder the responsibility of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and that the result of an unplanned pregnancy, rape or incest, aborting the embryo is equivalent to punishing the unborn child (Bose, 2012). See more:  Mark Twains Humorous Satire in Running for Governor Essay The position that Valora has in this debate, is that it is the woman’s choice to decide whether or not to have an abortion, but also to understand that it is their responsibility to protect against unwanted pregnancies by using every available means of contraceptive, not including using abortion as if it were a contraceptive, as some pro-life advocates would claim. When evaluating risk, one should take in account of women’s feelings after an abortion. Feelings of depression and anxiety is something woman feel prior, and of course afterwards. Women sometimes choose abortions because of medical issues with the babies, or horrifying circumstances leading to the unwanted pregnancy. Henry P. David, PhD stated after conclusive research â€Å"severe psychological reactions after an abortion are infrequent†. The best indicator of your mental feelings after an abortion is to realize your feelings and mental health prior to the abortion. (ProChoice.org). Usual feelings aft er an abortion is relief, loss, sadness, and grief. It is okay to grieve and you should give yourself time to grieve. Women who have had abortion may have feelings of sadness because they had to make the decision on their own without help from family and friends. Some woman may live in a home life where they are made to feel worthless because of the decision they will make. Some believe women who decide to have abortions will come down with â€Å"Post-Abortion Stress Syndrome†, which is psychological trauma or deep depression, and the American Psychological Association has found no scientific evidence that abortion leads to this type of trauma. Furthermore, experts stated after a study with the National Cancer Institute studied abortions and breast cancer, trying to see if there is any link between an abortion and breast cancer. In the end they settled that there was no link between the chances of breast cancer if you had received an abortion. In the United States, technology has made abortion safer in the last few years. Abortions are performed with in the first 9 weeks of pregnancy. Early termination the better is for the woman, less complications. Most woman receiving their abortion within the first 9 weeks report no complications afterwards. Less than 0.5% of women have serious complication that may bring them back to be seen or hospitalized. Complication rates to rise if the abortion is decided with the pregnancy weeks of 13 and 24. The position of Tracy in this paper is that abortion should be the right of the woman. I do not believe the government or any religious authority should make this type of decision for any woman. Deciding to have an abortion is an important decision in itself and having others dictate you can or cannot choose makes the situation even more confusing. As with most any conflicts, there are usually laws which govern the actions those directly involved, and with abortion comes some of the most well-known pieces of legislature in history. Today in the United States abortion is legal in every state due to the decision of Roe v. Wade. In this case the appellant (Roe) sued the state of Teas on the basis that personal privacy was violated unconstitutionally when the state proscribes that it is unlawful to abort a fetus, other than to save the life of a mother, advised by a licensed medical physician. The ruling decided on January 22, 1973 by the United States Supreme Court was a major milestone in the still controversial topic of abortion. According to the court â€Å"the abortion statutes void as vague and over-broadly infringing those plaintiff’s Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment right† (Roe v. Wade). On the same day of the Roe decision, another case in the state3 of Georgia was also decided on, in the case of Doe v Bolton we the state in question also was found to be in violation of the appellants constitutional rights. The Ninth Amendment: The enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The Fourteenth Amendment: Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or poverty, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws (Legal Information Institute). The position that Timothy has on this subject, is that a woman’s right to abortion should be that of her own decision based on the legislation’s that have been passed. A woman should be able to do with her own body as she chooses, not including using abortion as a method of birth-control. Abortion is not all together without some medical complications. The side effects of abortion are sometimes critical. Some of them involve spotting and bleeding. You could be bleeding for past 30 to 60 days, bleeding which could be very dangerous if care was not sought from a physician. Another side affect is headaches and dizziness, fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea. Sometimes abortion can even lead rare instances of death. During the surgery the doctors may leave some parts of the fetus inside the body. That is what may cause the affections that may cause damage to the body and or death. The symptoms are high fever, diarrhea, cramping, foul smelling in your discharge and more. Your cervix may get injured and damaged by the surgical tools that are being used during the abortion procedure which will lead to not being able to conceive again. Women who have gone through abortion are at a greater risk of ovarian and cervical cancer. Abortion is a very short p rocedure but it impacts your life forever, and the after affects of abortion varies from physical and psychological effects. Women may develop an eating disorders, or drugs on alcohol abuse, or they may have flash backs about the procedures themselves. Abortions may cause problems in relationships, and it may affect the woman’s sex life which leads to sexual dysfunction. The position that Veronica has on the subject of abortion is that she does not agree with the procedure, and the word abortion can be discussed in two different ways. Therapeutic abortion is one, where the abortion is unplanned due to medical problems with the patient’s health also unknown as miscarriage. Another way is elective abortion when it is planned. In many states planned abortions are illegal and have resulted in up to 70,000 deaths across the world every year. Many arguments support the issue on abortion. One reason why I am against abortion is that you are killing an innocent child that has nothing to do with the mistakes that one makes by having unprotected sex. You should not kill an unborn child because you are ashamed and afraid of what people might say about you. Another reason why she is against abortion is it’s against her religion. â€Å"If I make a mistake and got pregnant, then I would have to step up to the plate and take care and raise my child. It is against my religion to have abortions, because children are a gift from God†. In conclusion of this paper, there are two sides to this debate on whether women should have the right to have abortions in the United States. The research shows that the peer group has more emphases on the pro-choice side of the debate, because the laws of abortion are designed to protect the welfare of the mother and in some cases the fetus, if there is evidence of potential danger, and the fetus may be born with severe disorders, or mother having serious complications that could threaten the mother’s life. In the past, abortions were not as safe as they are today due to advanced technologies, making abortion safer than they’ve ever been before. Abortion is sometimes the best course because of medical issues, and sometimes due to other horrifying circumstances in which some women may become pregnant, such as rape, incest, and or other circumstances that may be legitimately valid reasons, and may lessen the quality of life for the child or mother. In 1973 it was decided by the highest court in the United States (The Supreme Court), that prior statutes infringed on the rights of women in such cases as Doe v Bolton, and Roe v Wade, making abortion legal, and the right of women to choose. Opposing arguments have raised health related issues of having abortions such as â€Å"Post-Abortion Syndrome†, breast cancer, and depression, but upon studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, and The American Psychological Association, there has been no scientific evidence to prove the accusations. Abortion will probably remain one of the most controversial topics known to man, but the pros, and the laws which protect, are essential in preserving individual rights of freedom in the United States. References Bose, D. (2012). Arguments for Pro Choice. Retrieved from Buzzle.com website: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/arguments-for-pro-choice-abortions.html. Doe v. Bolton. (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0179_ZS.html. Dudley, S., Ph.D., Kruse, MS, CNM, ARNP. (2006). Evaluating the risk of complications. (n.d.). Retrieved from National Abortion Federation. Revised December 2006. http://prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/safety_of_abortion.html. Fourteenth Amendment. (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv Heath, S. (2012, April 14). No One Called Me a Slut. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/opinion/Sunday/having-an-abortion-when-no-one-called-me-a-slut.html. Ninth Amendment. (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/ninth_amendment/ Roe v. Wade . (n.d.). In Legal Information Institute. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0410_0113_ZS.html. Sengupta, S. (2010, June 30). Should Abortion Be Legal. Retrieved from http://www.buzzle.com/articles/should-abortion-be-legal.html.

The Murray Darling Basin: An Analysis

The Murray Darling Basin: An Analysis The Murray-Darling Basin covers 1,061,469 square kilometres or approximately one-seventh (14%) of the total area of Australia. The Three longest rivers in Australia the (Darling River, the Murray river, The Murrumbidgee river) all run through the Murray-Darling Basin. The Murray Darling Basin is home to the most diverse ecosystem in Australia. It has at least 35 endangered species of birds, 16 species of endangered mammals and over 35 different native fish species. Unfortunately 20 species of mammals have already become extinct. It supports hydroelectricity, irrigation, domestic, industrial, recreational and leisure activities. It also produces over 40% of all Australian yield which is used in domestic and overseas markets. The aim of this report is to look at the three main issues regarding the Murray Darling Basin; the water quality, Droughts and Flood in the river and Blue-Green Algae. This report reflects on some of the effects these issues are having on the Murray Darling Basin. The final section of this report will make some recommendations to solve these problem. These issues are effecting the health of the Murray River and are damaging it as we speak. Current precautions and programs have not been able to arrest environmental damage. Blue Green Algae Blue-green algae are a type of bacteria known as Cyanobacteria. Blue-green algae are a natural part of the freshwater environment. In favourable conditions they reproduce at very high rates to form blooms which are explosions in growth that dominate the aquatic environment, forming scums that can be toxic. Blue-Green algae interfere with other uses of the water and can affect human health and have far-reaching consequences for the environment and the economy. Algae need stable water columns, Nutrients and sunlight to bloom. If these factors all combine together and then persist for a few days, blue-green algae cells will accumulate in the surface layer of the water body and if the conditions persist for several days or more, the cells can multiply to dramatic numbers eventually forming a bloom. They need little or no flow, calm weather with little or no wind and hot sunny days; these factors allow the water column to stratify, which is where a layer of warm surface water remains unmixed with the cooler, deeper water. Stratification can also result from differing densities through the water column, where saltier, denser water at the bottom remains unmixed with the fresher surface water above. There are many Dams built along the Murray-Darling Basin which restrict the flow of the river (little or no flow). As we are one of the hottest nations in the world it is natural to have hot weather. European farming have removed 15 billion trees. They: Influence water quality by initiating undesirable tastes and odours Discolouration and unattractive scums. Are toxic with some species producing toxins Can cause liver damage, stomach upsets and disorders of the nervous system in humans. Contact with high centralizations of blue-green growth can result in skin and eye aggravations. Although: Each State has extensive monitoring arrangements to detect and measure algae comprehensive emergency plans for dealing with algal blooms detailed arrangements for alerting the public about health risks Water supply authorities have advanced treatment techniques to remove dissolved toxins. The problem of Algae is still a big threat to the basin and it is increasing. I advise the construction of more sewage treatment plants along the Murray-Darling Basin. Instead of dumping the sewage straight into the Basin it would be wise to treat the water before dumping the water into the Basin or we could re-use the water after it is treated. I will also like to recommend to increase the flow of the river. A big machine similar to a blender be planed inside the basin which would blend the water in the river preventing Algae to bloom. If such technology is not available then maybe the government would consider to fund engineers to come up with a device/machine like described above or even better. Changes in Drought and Flood patterns Drought and flood are a natural phenomenon in the Murray–Darling Basin. Throughout wet years, the streams of the Basin will overflow into floodplains. However during times of drought the rivers become strings of disconnected waterholes along the course of the riverbed. On average, the natural flow into the Basin is around 33,000 GL per year but this varies greatly from year to year. Human uses of water has highly regulated the system with many structures such as dams, locks and weirs resulting in increasing impact on both drought and flood. After almost a decade of drought, a return to wetter conditions throughout the Basin in 2010 led to widespread flooding. This resulted in the inundation of many floodplains and refilling of the Basins water storages. The basins total water storage increased from 32% to 81% during 2010-11. It enabled numerous species to recover from the impacts of a long dry season. Climate change studies predict that the climate of the Murray–Darling Basin is likely to become drier in the future, due to the rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Many places along the basin suffer the worst from drought as they are in risk of not obtaining enough drinking water to support its population let alone its farmers. There is a projected impact of a 10% reduction in the average surface water availability across the whole Basin in 2030. Total losses caused by the severe 1982-1983 drought, for example, were estimated by the Australian Government to exceed $3 billion. The long-term health of the whole system is currently in danger. It has also been discovered that 4% of water that Australia gets from rainfall reaches the sea from the basin. Operation of the River Murray system is based primarily upon the control and management of the four main storages: Dartmouth Reservoir Hume Dam Menindee lakes storage scheme Lake Victoria In times of drought water is used from the dam’s storage for all activities. They provide safety to towns and cities from the tolls of flood and it will take a lot of time and money to recover. The government of Australia provides drought packages to support our farmers in major water crisis. Many areas in Australia have water restrictions to help conserve water for future use. Some areas also usewater recycling,desalinationplants and dig bores into the ground to get more water for their residents like that in Western Australia which was the first state to tap the ocean as a source of public drinking water produces 130 million litres of freshwater a day. I would like to recommend large scale constructions of desalination plants along coastal areas, it will help Australia to meet the demands of the increasing population of Australia at present and in the future; and to cope through major droughts. I would also like to recommend construction of dams in Queensland as they receive the most rainfall, but the water is not trapped and is hence wasted. Instead of using the rain water, they take water from the Basin to support their needs. The water can be used for all purposes. I would recommend the construction of more water storage facilities in drier parts of the county like Adelaide. It would also be wise for the government to stop the 4% of water obtained by rain from reaching the sea. Water Quality Salinity means the amount of salt content in soil or water. European farming practices replaced native vegetation with crops and pasture. As a result, the plants designed to deal with salinity issues were removed. This resulted in the increasing of salinity problem. It affects ecosystem health, reduce drinking quality and cause economic loss in agriculture. It affects native vegetation, crops, pasture, wetlands and river systems; it destroys native habitat and decreases biodiversity. With current practices there are no signs that the process of salinisation will slow down or be reversed within the foreseeable future. The quality of the Murray darling basin can also trigger algal growth. Matter disposed in the water carries nutrients which reduce the penetration of light which affects aquatic plants and animals. Lower water temperatures due to the release of water from deeper layers held in dams during summer can damage downstream ecological systems. Higher temperatures resulting from lack of flow from clearing of vegetation may worsen algal blooms. The water has low levels of dissolved oxygen because floodplains are flushed with organic matter which discolour the river water and make it appear blackish. The blackish water can sometimes become very low in dissolved oxygen resulting in the harm of aquatic plants and animals. Although these events can have a positive impact on the environment as they put nutrients back into the system which promotes the growth of many aquatic organisms. Although, there have been actions taken to solve these issues: The setting up of salt interceptions schemes throughout the Basin has helped to alleviate the problem of salinity. Toxins produced by Algae and other harmful particles are filtered and the water is purified before it is supplied to places. Many nutrients are put back into the water to promote the growth of many aquatic organisms. The government of Australia funds many water cleaning programs like: The Australian Government has signed an agreement with the Australian Capital Territory that will see up to $85 million of Australian Government funds available to help clean up Canberra’s lakes and waterways. Have not had a very significant effect on the issues. The government of Australia funds many water cleaning programs like: The Australian Government has signed an agreement with the Australian Capital Territory that will see up to $85 million of Australian Government funds available to help clean up Canberra’s lakes and waterways. I would also recommend the government to encourage farmers to practise water efficient farming and use pants that have roots which go deep into the earth to get their nutrients. The government should plant trees or bushed which remove salt from the water and soil like the salt bush. If current water problems continue Adelaide will run out of healthy drinking water by 2020. The government of Australia should also consider the introduction of strict laws and heavy penalties for dumping waste into the basin. Conclusion The issues of the Murray darling basin are increasing. Ninety percent of Adelaide’s population is dependent on the basin for their drinking water. Most of these issues were not an issue in the early 18-19 century. Everything was natural and all issues had a solution, but increase in human activities have made these issues big. If nothing is done about these issues, Australia will have a very tough time surviving. These issues are increasing even with the current actions being taken, because of the increasing population, activities and demand of Australia. Australia is growing vastly every day; new towns are being constructed, people are migrating, increase in mining and increase in farming. Australia needs water to support all these activities. If current conditions continue Australia will not be able to produce enough food and water to support its population let alone export anything. The agriculture industry consistently accounted for around 20 per cent of manufacturing sale s and service income and in 2009–10($24.3 billion) it provided jobs for 226,750 Australians. The economy of Australia will crash and it will have to import even the basic of foods. The ecosystem will not be able to recover and eventually Australia will run out of water. It has also been predicted that in the future there will be many wars for the sole purpose of obtaining water. Many advices included in this report will help solve other inter related issues, e.g. Construction of de-salination plant will help improve the water quality and to cope through major drought as well as Algae. The Australian government should consider the advices included in this report as they will help improve the health of the basin and ensure that Australia will have enough water in the future to support its increasing population. Bibliography

Romeo And Juliet - Vendetta In Verona :: essays research papers

	The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare clearly demonstrates how tragedy can be caused when the rage of past generations is carried over to a younger generation. The key factor that demonstrates this theme is the constant feud between the Capulets and the Montagues. The rage between the two households directly relates to the tragic death of Romeo and Juliet. 	A major dispute is going on between the Capulets and the Montagues. These two households, "both alike in dignity," (1.Prologue.1) have been feuding for so long that they even forget the reason they are feuding. Romeo and Juliet, "a pair of star-crossed lovers who take their life," (1.Prologue.6) are results of how tragedy can be caused when the rage of past generations carries over to a younger generation. Tybalt is also an example of the theme. At Capulet's party, he walks up to Lord Capulet and says "Tis he, that villain Romeo" (1.5.67). Tybalt learns this rage toward Romeo and all the other Montagues through past generations. 	Putting the objections and differences of Romeo and Juliet's parents aside, however, Romeo and Juliet fall in love as soon as they meet, and decide to risk being wed in secret. The reason for the secret marriage is because both Romeo and Juliet know their parents would be angered by their marriage. The only people to know about Romeo and Juliet's secret marriage other than themselves is the Friar and the nurse. 	Due to the secret marriage, Romeo and Juliet tragically die. Had Romeo and Juliet announced their wedding, they could still be alive. Juliet would not have had to fake her death to get out of the arranged marriage with Paris if she had told her parents about her and Romeo. Romeo does not receive the information of the Friar and Juliet's plan in time, and he kills himself in anguish over her death. As Juliet awakes from her slumber, she sees Romeo dead. Juliet then kills herself in bereavement over Romeo's death. Had Romeo and Juliet announced their wedding, then none of these tragic events ever would have happened as a result of their parents dispute. 	As well as the lives of Romeo and Juliet being affected, so were the lives of people around them that they loved and cared for. Not knowing of the secret marriage, Tybalt and Mercutio engage in a duel. Romeo tries to stop the duel when he says "Gentle Mercutio, put thy rapier down" (3.

College Admissions Essay: An Intense Learning Experience :: College Admissions Essays

An Intense Learning Experience    My semester of study abroad is best described as an intense learning experience, without which I feel that my education would have been incomplete. The lessons learned were far different from those I encountered in high school, but of equal or greater importance. I gained new perspective about international affairs and also found I was challenged as an individual to grow intellectually, socially, and emotionally. There is no doubt that this experience has changed me, and I am certainly better for it.    The most obvious gain from my study abroad was the academic coursework for that semester. I studied Shakespeare in London, and was able to visit not only the Globe Theatre, but also parts of the city that existed during the Elizabethan period. Another course, which focused on the history of East End London, took us through the dynamic past of this problematic portion of the city, not just with texts, but walking tours through the East End. My theatre course likewise capitalized on the opportunities unique to London, incorporating nine of the several hundred shows that were running in the city throughout the spring semester. This course supplemented my internship experience, in which I took a part-time position at the Bridewell Theatre, and small fringe theatre in the heart of the city. The internship was the most beneficial component of the academic program, in that I was immersed in British culture through biweekly interaction (2 workdays) with the Bridewell staff. I was able to wit ness the inner-workings of its administration, and observe some of the problems facing London theatres in general.    Outside the classroom, the study abroad experience provided for constant change and self-reflection. I learned to recognize my own hidden prejudices and confront them, as my beliefs were constantly challenged by experiences and people I encountered. For someone who had never traveled outside the United States, this experience led me to perceive my own nation in a different way, and to confront feelings of both pride and shame in my background. While a challenging and shocking change, this has led me to define and strengthen my beliefs and opinions while gaining a new understanding for different perspectives.

The United States Are Microcosms Of Society Education Essay

IntroductionClassrooms across the United States are microcosms of society. The faces in schoolrooms today reflect the altering demographics of the communities in which the schools are located. Today, schools are informants to the rapid alterations in pupil demographics, in peculiar, the growing of Latino pupils in schoolrooms throughout the United States ( KewalRamani, Gilbertson, Fox, & A ; Provasnik, 2007 ) . With rapid alterations in demographics, come challenges and issues, in add-on to other challenges which schools are seeking to run into. Educators face many challenges in public schools today. District leaders, campus leaders, and instructors must happen ways to turn to such issues as ( 1 ) planning and presenting standards-based direction, ( 2 ) meeting the demands of federal and province answerability systems, ( 3 ) making more with less resources, ( 4 ) determination, hiring, and maintaining extremely qualified instructors, ( 5 ) keeping safe and drug-free acquisition environments, ( 6 ) guaranting all high school alumnuss are college or calling ready, ( 7 ) cut downing the dropout rates, ( 8 ) designing, implementing, and measuring particular plans for fighting scholars and academically advanced scholars, ( 9 ) supplying a consistent sequence of classs at the secondary degree, ( 10 ) integrating federal, province, or local mandated enterprises, ( 11 ) set uping working partnerships with households and communities, and ( 12 ) happening ways to turn to other sociopolitical and sociocultural factors impacting their s chools ( Conchas, 2009 ; McNutly, 2009 ; Nelson, Palonsky, & A ; McCarthy, 2007 ) . Educators must happen ways to plan, implement, and measure direction and plans for the culturally diverse and linguistic communication minority pupils, who now sit in their schoolrooms, every bit good ( Gay, 2000 ) . This peculiar challenge has plagued public schools for decennaries ( Editorial Projects in Educational Research Center, EPERC, 2008 ; National Education Association, NEA, 2007 ) . From its origin, public instruction has been considered a agencies to accomplish societal, political, and economic benefits. Horace Mann referred to public instruction as the â€Å" great equaliser † ( Alexander & A ; Alexander, ) . He and others like him viewed public instruction as a manner for pupils and households to accomplish the aforesaid benefits. But, one must step back and reflect on the history of public instruction in this state. For whom were the first public schools designed? Who were the kids? Which sociocultural groups did they stand for? What were the purposes of the public schools who did educate pupils who did non stand for the mainstream cultural group? As persons peruse the pupil accomplishment informations, graduation informations, dropout informations, keeping informations, suspension and ejection informations, school to prison informations, disproportional representation of cultural and cultural groups in particular plan informations, college keeping ra tes, and such, there are obvious racial and cultural disparities and spreads which result in socioeconomic spreads, employment spreads, political spreads, wellness spreads, and others ( ____ ) . From the information, one may reason that the â€Å" great equaliser † has non delivered on its promise. However, schools are designed to acquire the consequences they get. McNutly ( 2009 ) stated that schools have behaved their manner into their current state of affairs and schools can act their manner out of it. There are schools run intoing the educational and non-educational demands of all pupils, including culturally and linguistically diverse pupil groups. Such schools are non merely effectual but, culturally antiphonal ( Gay, 2000 ) . I posit that genuinely effectual schools are culturally antiphonal schools. The schools are designed to run into the educational demands of the pupils in their schoolrooms. The leading and instructors demonstrate a strong belief that all pupils in their charge can be successful. These pedagogues collaboratively work with each other, pupils, and households. I, besides posit that the work of theses culturally antiphonal and effectual schools can be replicated. Becoming an effectual and culturally antiphonal school involves a alteration procedure that has an impact on every stakeholder at every degree in the system ( Hall and Hord, 2006 ) . To better understand the place I take, I present a reappraisal of the literature. I will portion the conceptual model which guides my survey. As I conducted the reappraisal of the literature, I did so with the aid of four steering inquiries adapted from the work by McCarthy ( _ ) . McCarthy provinces that if pedagogues can reply four inquiries as the y plan and present direction, Why, What, How and What if, all acquisition manners in schoolrooms will be addressed. I borrowed from McCarthy ‘s work to develop four inquiries to assist me carry on a comprehensive survey of effectual and culturally antiphonal schools, in peculiar, those schools now faced with educating one of largest and fastest turning cultural groups in the United States and their classrooms-the Latino pupil population ( KewalRamani, et. Al, 2007 ) . The four guiding inquiries were: ( 1 ) Why is at that place a demand for effectual and culturally antiphonal schools, ( 2 ) What are the features of effectual and culturally antiphonal schools, ( 3 ) How do schools go effectual and culturally antiphonal? , and ( 4 ) What are effectual and culturally antiphonal instructional patterns? . The purpose of the literature reappraisal is to reply the four guiding inquiries. In add-on, the reappraisal includes a limited survey of three back uping theories and constructs found in the literature on racially and ethnically diverse pupils in schools. The three back uping theories are: ( a ) critical race theory, ( B ) cultural reproduction theory, and ( degree Celsius ) the shortage theoretical account. A reappraisal of the current context and tendencies about racially and ethnically diverse pupils groups in schools will follow. A reappraisal of tendencies and the current context will supply a background to the racial and cultural disparities in schools today. The undermentioned background information will include: ( a ) the current population informations tendencies, ( B ) current disparities of educational results along cultural and lingual diverseness lines, ( degree Celsius ) an account of the grounding thought by which information is filtered, effectual and culturally anti phonal schools.Theoretical and Conceptual ModelPublic schools have been fighting with the issue of racial and cultural disparities in educational results such as pupil public presentation, graduation rates, dropout rates, suspension and ejection rates, disproportional representation of cultural groups in particular plans, and such for some clip ( NEA, 2007 ) . Scholars ( Payne, ) have attempted to explicate the disparities along socioeconomic lines. While the deficiency of resources does hold an impact on pupil accomplishment, race affairs. Gosa and Alexander ( 2008 ) found disparities between White pupils and Afro-american pupils from flush households, therefore reenforcing race does matter. Students come to school with different lived experiences, cognition, accomplishments, perceptual experiences, and demands ( Tyler, Uqdah, Dillihunt, Besatty-Hazelbaker, Conner, Gadson. . . & A ; Stevens, 2008 ) . Students come from different environments and enter school with racial disparities that exist sing school preparedness, over which schools have small to no control ( Parret & A ; Barr, 2009 ) . However, racial disparities continue and widen over clip in schools. Several bookmans posit that it is the schools ‘ constructions, policies, processs, patterns, engrained positions, beliefs, and values that reinforce and advance racial disparities in educational results ( Artiles & A ; Bal, 2009 ; Gosa & A ; Alexander, 2007, Jay 2003, Ladson-Billings and Tate, 1995 ) . Cultural clangs between school and place, trial prejudice, system prejudice, negative and positive stereotyped positions, poorness, linguistic communication differences, deficiency of relational trust, and other sociocultural, sociohistorical, and sociopolitical factors play a critical function in the current racial and cultural disparities in educational results in our public schools ( Skiba, 2009 ; Salend & A ; Garrick-Duhaney, 2005 ) . Mickelson ( 2003 ) stated that educational systems were responsible for the turning racial disparities in educational results and that the disparities widen with each twelvemonth, cultural minority pupils attended school. Scholars have tried to explicate the bing racial and cultural disparities in educational results utilizing assorted theoretical and conceptual models, such as the Critical Race Theory, Cultural Reproduction Theory, and the Deficit Model.Critical Race TheoryCritical Race Theory as a tool. An person ‘s cultural individuality is a fluid and dynamic societal concept influenced by lived experiences, internal picks, and outside agents ‘ perceptual experiences of that individuality ( Fergus, 2009 ; Lee, 2008 ) . Race and racism have shaped the history of the United States and its traditional societal establishments ( Yosso, 2005 ) . Racism, nevertheless elusive, continues to impact societal establishments, i.e. , schools ( Yosso ) . McNutly ( 2009 ) stated that is was non so much an issue of race as it was an issue of engagement. Gosa and Alexander reported that race mattered in schools ( 2008 ) . School contexts form pupils ‘ societal and academic individualities and outlooks ( Borrero, Yeh, Cruz, & A ; Suda, 2012 ) . Persons in the place of societal power define who belongs and who does non, who represents the standardised norm and who does non, and who is in and who is non ( Artiles & A ; Bal, 2008 ) . School is yet another topographic point where pupils. . . face labels such as ‘gifted, ‘ holding ‘special demands, ‘ and being ‘at-risk, ‘ when in fact, it is the establishment itself that holds the power to implement such labels ( Bucholtz & A ; Hall, 2004 ; Fine, 1992 ) . These imposed classs further separate pupils into grouping of ‘normal ‘ and ‘other. ‘ Borrero, et al. , p. 5. Critical Race Theory ( CRT ) theorizes race ( Ladson-Billings and Tate, 1995 ) . CRT was foremost introduced as analytic tool in the justness system ; CRT bookmans used it as tool to place and analyse procedures in the judicial system ( Ladson-Billings & A ; Tate, 1995 ; Tate, 1997 ) . CRT was introduced by Ladson-Billings and Tate as tool to place and analyse unfairnesss or equity traps ( Linton ) in schools ‘ policies, processs, patterns, and processes that keep cultural groups of pupils from take parting and constructing societal capital, political capital, and economic capital. Scholars can utilize a CRT lens to place the what, why, and how ( Yosso, 2005 ) and who, when analyzing the â€Å" political orientation of racism † ( Yosso, p. 74 ) . It is through the CRT theoretical and analytical lens, that allow CRT bookmans to analyze, speculate, and dispute the ways racism influences schools and other societal establishments ( Yosso ; Su, 2007 ) . The subjects of CRT. CRT is framed by six subjects ( Su, 2007 ) . The current subjects are ( 1 ) race is a societal concept which is historically embedded in United States society ; ( 2 ) racism is common and profoundly engrained in United States society and is accepted as normal ; ( 3 ) color-blind equality reform serves to turn to dangerous signifiers of racism to persons but, non structural unfairnesss ; ( 4 ) United States society was built on the impression of belongings rights and Whiteness and White privilege are belongings rights protected by the authorities ; ( 5 ) those in the place of power, White persons, are in favour of antiracism structural or policy reform every bit long as it benefits White privilege and non favor is lost ( involvement convergence ) ; and ( 6 ) the voice of those most wedged by racism and unfairnesss serves an of import intent in turn toing structural and policy unfairnesss, as they portion their experiential cognition ( Su ) . Race and racism has been portion of the history of the United States and its traditional societal insitutions.Cultural Reproduction TheoryDeficit ModelThe Why of Effective and Culturally Responsive SchoolsThe What of Effective and Culturally Responsive SchoolsThe How of Effective and Culturally Responsive SchoolsWhat are Culturally Responsive and Effective Instructional PracticesDecision